诗词

The Chinese word for poetry, 诗 shī, combines the speech radical 讠with 寺 sì (a temple, a place of focused attention). Chinese poetry has always been understood as a heightened, disciplined form of speech, requiring both technical skill and moral cultivation to produce. The oldest anthology, the Shijing 诗经 (Classic of Odes, ~1000–600 BCE), was edited by Confucius himself and treated as a moral text as much as an aesthetic one.

诗词 shīcí as a compound refers to the two major classical forms: 诗 shī (classical regulated verse, especially Tang dynasty) and 词 cí (song lyrics, especially Song dynasty). Together they represent the peak of Chinese poetic achievement. The Compulsory Education curriculum requires students to memorize over 300 classical poems before graduating high school. Reciting poetry is a form of cultural fluency.

Poetry was also practically central: the imperial examination system (科举 kējǔ) for over a thousand years required candidates to compose regulated verse (律诗 lǜshī) as part of the test. To advance in government, one had to be a poet. This structural requirement meant that Chinese civilization's administrative class was also its poet class, an unusual fusion that shaped the entire literary and cultural record.

The Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) is universally regarded as the golden age of Chinese poetry. The 全唐诗 (Complete Tang Poems), compiled in 1705, contains nearly 50,000 poems by over 2,200 poets. The major forms: 绝句 juéjù (quatrain, 4 lines of 5 or 7 characters each) and 律诗 lǜshī (regulated verse, 8 lines with strict tonal patterns, antithetical couplets in the middle two pairs, and rhyme on alternate lines).

The four canonical poets: 李白 Lǐ Bái (701–762), 诗仙 the Immortal Poet, known for romantic exuberance and effortless lyrical flights. 杜甫 Dù Fǔ (712–770), 诗圣 the Sage Poet, known for technical mastery and social conscience during the An Lushan Rebellion. 王维 Wáng Wéi (699–761), the Buddhist poet-painter whose nature verse achieves a perfect fusion of image and meditation. 白居易 Bái Jūyì (772–846), known for accessible language and social commentary poetry.

The most famous poem in Chinese: 静夜思 Jìng Yè Sī (Thoughts on a Quiet Night) by Li Bai. 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡 (Before my bed the bright moonlight, like frost fallen on the ground. I raise my head to gaze at the bright moon, lower my head and think of home). Virtually every educated Chinese person knows this poem from early childhood.

词 cí (song lyrics; a ci-poem) began as words written to fit existing musical tunes. Each poem is composed to a named melody pattern (词牌 cípái) with a fixed metrical scheme, line lengths, and tonal requirements. Unlike the symmetric regularity of 律诗, 词 have lines of varying length, giving them a more fluid, music-like rhythm. The Song dynasty is the golden age of 词.

Major ci poets: 苏轼 Sū Shì (Su Dongpo, 1037–1101), the greatest 豪放派 hàofàngpài (heroic school) poet, known for philosophical grandeur: 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物 (The great river flows east; its waves have washed away all the heroic figures of a thousand ages). 李清照 Lǐ Qīngzhào (1084–~1155), the greatest female poet in Chinese history, known for the 婉约派 wǎnyuēpài (delicate school) style and her poetry of loss, love, and displacement after the Jin invasion.

Common ci tune-titles: 水调歌头 (Prelude to the Water Melody, Su Shi's Mid-Autumn moon poem), 念奴娇 (Thoughts of Lady Nian), 蝶恋花 (Butterflies Lingering over Flowers), 青玉案 (Green Jade Cup). When you see a ci poem, the tune title appears before the poem body.